ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA PASIEN CEDERA KEPALA DENGAN PENINGKATAN TEKANAN INTRAKRANIAL MELALUI POSISI HEADUP 30° DI RUANG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU 2) RUMAH SAKIT GRANDMED LUBUK PAKAM

A head injury is a traumatic disruption of brain function—with or without interstitial hemorrhage within the brain substance—that does not involve a breach of the brain's structural continuity. Patients may experience physical or psychological changes as a result of a head injury, with the most fatal outcome being death. In Indonesia, it is estimated that 11.9% of head injury cases involve increased intracranial pressure. The incidence of head injuries resulting in increased intracranial pressure is highest among those aged 1–4 years (29.5%), 15–34 years (17.7%), and over 65 years (33.1%). Regarding gender, such cases occur more frequently in males (12.2%) than in females (11.5%). Preliminary data from Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital in 2026 indicate that 47 patients were diagnosed with cranial bone injuries over the preceding three-month period (January–March 2026). Meanwhile, a preliminary study at the same hospital revealed that only a portion of patients and their families understood the risks of infection and hemorrhage associated with cranial bone injuries. This situation can negatively impact patient outcomes; therefore, research on nursing care for patients with cranial bone injuries at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital in 2026 is essential to improve the quality of nursing services and reduce mortality rates among these patients.